Herbicide performance in the control of Conyza spp. where three plant heights

Intensive use of the herbicide glyphosate has led to herbicide resistant Conyza spp. populations. Thus, there is a need to indicate alternative herbicides and the appropriate developmental stage for controlling these populations. This study identifies alternatives for controlling glyphosate-resistant horseweed, with treatment applications at different plant heights. For this purpose, field experiments were conducted in the 2016/17 and 2017/18 crop years. The evaluated treatments were: glyphosate (540 g ae ha-1), glyphosate (1080 g ae ha-1), glyphosate (2160 g ae ha-1), glyphosate (3240 g ae ha-1), glyphosate + 2.4-D (1080 + 1005 g ae ha-1), glyphosate + saflufenacil (1080 + 49 g ae/ai ha-1), paraquat (400 g ai ha-1), diquat (400 g ai ha-1), ammonium glufosinate (600 g ai ha-1), and control (without application). These treatments were applied to plants with a maximum of 5 cm; plants between 6 and 15 cm; and plants between 16 and 25 cm. The results showed that glyphosate did not control weeds, regardless of rate. With the exception of 2,4-D, which needs complementation with sequential application of another contact herbicide, all alternatives were viable for the control of Conyza spp. plants with a maximum height of 5 cm.

Control of conyza bonariensis with glyphosate associated to adjuvants applied with different spray nozzles / Controle de conyza bonariensis com glyphosate associado a adjuvantes aplicados com diferentes pontas de pulverização

The study aimed to evaluate the control of Conyza bonariensis in delayed post-emergence stage using different spray nozzles and solutions with and without adjuvants; and to verify the occurrence of resistance to glyphosate, determining the dose-response curve. The experimental design was randomized in factorial (6 spray nozzles x 5 spray solution) in twenty repetitions. The treatments were represented by spray nozzles: XR 110015 XR 11002, TT 11002 AIXR 11002, AIC 11002 and AI 11002. Tested spray solution were: glyphosate; glyphosate + Nimbus®; glyphosate + Agral®; Glyphosate + LI-700® and without herbicide application. The use or not of adjuvants in the spray solution did not differ statistically from the solution containing the herbicide only. The spray nozzles AIXR 11002, TT 11002 and XR 11002 presented best results of control the horseweed from the evaluation of 07 days after application (DAP) and 28 DAP and such spray nozzles maintained the best average of control percentage. The higher dry matter reductions of horseweed were obtained by spray nozzles 110015 XR, TT 11002 and 11002 XR compared with the control. The population evaluated presents biotypes that resist to doses of 2.880 g.ha-1 a.e. of glyphosate. It is concluded that the evaluated biotypes presents tolerance to glyphosate, independent of your association or not with adjuvants.

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o controle de Conyza bonariensis no estádio pós-emergência tardia, empregando diferentes pontas e caldas com e sem adjuvantes; e verificar a ocorrência de resistência ao glyphosate, determinando a curva dose resposta. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (6 pontas de pulverização x 5 caldas de pulverização) em vinte repetições. Os tratamentos foram representados pelas pontas de pulverização: XR 110015, XR 11002, TT 11002, AIXR 11002, AIC 11002 e AI 11002. As caldas testadas foram: glyphosate; glyphosate + Nimbus®; glyphosate + Agral®; glyphosate + LI-700® e sem aplicação do herbicida. O uso ou não de adjuvantes na calda não diferiram estatisticamente da calda contendo somente o herbicida. As pontas AIXR 11002, TT 11002 e XR 11002 apresentaram melhores resultados de controle da buva a partir de 07 dias após a aplicação (DAP) e aos 28 DAP e tais pontas mantiveram as melhores médias de porcentagem de controle nas demais avaliações. As maiores reduções de massa seca de buva foram obtidas pelas pontas XR 110015, TT 11002 e XR 11002 quando comparada com a testemunha. A população avaliada apresenta biótipos que resistem a doses de 2.880 g.ha-1 de e.a. do glyphosate. Conclui-se que os biótipos avaliados apresentam tolerância ao glyphosate, independente de sua associação ou não com os adjuvantes.

Germinação de sementes de Conyza canadensis e C. bonariensis em função da presença de alumínio no substrato / Germination of Conyza canadensis and C. bonariensis seeds under presence of aluminum in the substrate

A germinação das sementes pode ser fortemente influenciada pelas condições ambientais, afetando o estabelecimento de comunidades florísticas. As plantas daninhas, apesar das características de rusticidade e capacidade de suas sementes germinarem em condições de estresse ambiental, podem sofrer o efeito direto da presença de elementos tóxicos no substrato. O alumínio, presente em solos com pH baixo, pode interferir negativamente no processo germinativo de sementes de espécies cultivadas e também de plantas daninhas. No presente trabalho, objetivou-se estudar o efeito tóxico da presença de alumínio no substrato durante a germinação de sementes de Conyza. A germinação foi reduzida pela presença de alumínio no substrato, havendo decréscimos significativos a partir de 1,5cmol c dm-3 para as sementes de ambas as espécies, enquanto a velocidade de germinação foi prejudicada a partir da menor concentração (0,5cmol c dm-3) de alumínio testada. Esses resultados demonstram que as sementes de ambas as espécies são sensíveis à presença de alumínio no substrato de germinação.

Seed germination can be greatly influenced by environmental conditions, which affects the establishment of floristic communities. The weeds, although they had features as hardiness and its ability to germinate seeds under environmental stress conditions, may experience the direct effect of the presence of toxic elements in the substrate. Aluminum, present in soils with low pH can negatively impact the germination of seeds of crop species and weeds. This research aimed to study the toxic effect of aluminum presence in the substrate during seed germination of Conyza. Germination was reduced by the presence of aluminum in the substrate, with significant decreases from 1.5cmol c dm-3 for the seeds of both species. The germination rate was affected from the lower concentration of aluminum tested (0.5cmol c dm-3). These results demonstrate that the seeds of both species are sensitive to the presence of aluminum in substrate germination.